Robert Curthose (c. 1054–1134) was the eldest son of William the Conqueror ⓘ and a central figure in the turbulent politics of Anglo-Norman England in the generation after the Conquest. Although designated heir to the Duchy of Normandy, Robert’s career was marked by chronic financial weakness, political miscalculation, and ultimately long captivity.
William I of England, known as William the Conqueror, ruled from 1066 to 1087. Born in Normandy, he claimed the English throne following the death of Edward the Confessor ⓘ and secured it through victory at the Battle of Hastings. His accession marked a decisive break in English political and social history.
William II of England, known as William Rufus, ruled from 1087 to 1100 as the third son of William the Conqueror ⓘ. Energetic, forceful, and often controversial, he continued his father’s centralising policies, asserting strong royal authority in England while maintaining influence over Normandy amid ongoing dynastic tensions.
